Worked Chemistry Problem Examples

This is a collection of worked general chemistry and introductory chemistry problems, listed in alphabetical order. Included are printable pdf chemistry worksheets so you can practice problems and then check your answers. You may also browse chemistry problems according to the type of problem. Alphabetical Index of Chemistry Problem Types Absolute ErrorAccuracy ReviewAcid-Base TitrationActivation Energy CalculationAngle Between Two VectorsAqueous Solution DilutionsAtomic Mass OverviewAtomic Mass Isotopic AbundanceAtomic Mass from Atomic AbundanceAtomic Weight CalculationAverage of a Set of NumbersAvogadros LawAvogadros Gas LawAvogadros Number—Finding Mass of a Single AtomAvogadros Number—Mass of a Known Number of MoleculesAvogadros Number—Finding Number of Molecules in a Known MassBalancing Chemical Equations—TutorialBalancing Chemical Equations—ExampleBalancing Redox Reactions—Example and TutorialBalancing Redox Reactions in a Basic Solution—ExampleBalancing Redox Equations—TutorialBohr Atom Energy LevelsBohr Atom Energy ChangeBoiling Point ElevationBond Energies EnthalpiesBond PolarityBoyles LawBoyles Gas LawCalorimetry Heat FlowCarbon-14 DatingCelsius to Kelvin Temperature ConversionCharles Gas LawClausius-Clapeyron EquationConcentration and Molarity Determine a Concentration From A Known Mass of SoluteConcentration and Molarity—Preparing a Stock SolutionConcentration and Molarity—Finding Concentration of Ions in an Aqueous SolutionCovalent Bond ExamplesDaltons Law of Partial Pressuresde Broglie Wavelength CalculationDensity CalculationDensity of a Solid and a LiquidDensity Example Problem—Finding Mass From DensityDensity of an Ideal GasDiamagnetismDilutions from Stock SolutionsElectron ConfigurationElectron Volt to Joule ConversionElectronegativityEmpirical FormulaCalculate Empirical and Molecular Formula of a CompoundEnthalpy Change - Enthalpy Change of a ReactionEnthalpy Change - Enthalpy Change of a Reaction of a Given MassEnthalpy Change - Enthalpy Change of WaterEntropy CalculationEntropy ChangeEntropy of ReactionEquation of a LineEquilibrium ConstantEquilibrium Constant for Gaseous ReactionsEquilibrium ConcentrationExperimental ErrorFeet to Inches ConversionFree Energy and PressureFree Energy and Rea ction SpontaneityFormal Charge - Lewis Structure Resonance StructuresFreezing Point DepressionFrequency to Wavelength ConversionGrahams LawGram to Mole ConversionGuy-Lussacs Gas LawHalf-LifeHeats of FormationHenderson-Hasselbalch EquationHenrys LawHesss LawIdeal Gas Example ProblemIdeal Gas LawIdeal Gas—Constant PressureIdeal Gas—Constant VolumeIdeal Gas Example Problem—Partial PressureIdeal Gas Example Problem–Unknown GasIdeal Gas vs Real Gas—van der Waals EquationIonic Bond ExamplesIonic Bond from ElectronegativityIsotopes and Nuclear Symbols—Example 1Isotopes and Nuclear Symbols—Example 2Joule to Electron Volt ConversionLaw of Multiple ProportionsLength Conversion—Angstroms to MetersLength Conversion—Angstroms to NanometersLength Conversion—Centimeters to MetersLength Conversion—Feet to KilometersLength Conversion—Feet to MetersLength Conversion—Kilometers to MetersLength Conversion— Miles to KilometersLength Conversion—Millimeters to CentimetersLength Conversion—Millimeters to MetersLength Conversion—Micrometers to MetersLength Conversion—Nanometers to MetersLength Conversion—Nanometers to AngstromsLength Conversion—Yards to MetersDraw a Lewis StructureDraw a Lewis Structure—Octet Rule ExceptionLimiting Reactant Theoretical YieldMass Conversions—Kilograms to GramsMass Conversions—Pounds to KilogramsMass Conversions—Ounces to GramsMass—Energy Relations in Nuclear ReactionsMass of Liquid from DensityMass Percent CompositionMass Percent Composition—Example 2Mass Relations in Balanced EquationsMean of a Set of NumbersMean, Median, Mode and Range ExampleMolalityMolar MassMolarityMolarity to PPM ConversionMole—Gram ConversionsMole Relations in Balanced EquationsMoles of C Atoms in 1 Mol SucroseMolecular Formula from Simplest FormulaMolecular Mass CalculationsNernst EquationNeu tralizing a Base with an AcidNormalityOsmotic PressureOxidation and ReductionOxidation or Reduction?Assigning Oxidation StatesParamagnetismPercent Composition by MassPercent ErrorpH CalculationpH Calculation—Example 2pH of a Strong AcidpH of a Strong BasePhosphate Buffer PreparationpOH CalculationPolyprotic Acid pHPopulation Standard DeviationPrecision ReviewPredicting Formulas of Compounds with Polyatomic IonsPredicting Formulas of Ionic CompoundsPrepare a Solution (Molarity)Pressure Conversion - Pa to atmPressure Conversion—millibar to atmPressure Conversion—atm to PaPressure Conversion—bars to atmPressure Conversion—atm to barsPressure Conversion—psi to atmPressure Conversion—atm to psiPressure Conversion—psi to PaPressure Conversion—psi to millibarsPressure Conversion—atm to psiProtons Electrons in IonsProtons Electrons in Ions—Example 2Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons in Atoms/IonsRadioactive Decayâ €”Î ± DecayRadioactive Decay—Electron CaptureRadioactive Decay—Î ²- DecayRaoults Law—Example 1Raoults Law—Example 2Raoults Law—Example 3Rate of Radioactive DecayRates of ReactionReactions in Aqueous SolutionReaction QuotientRedox ReactionRelative ErrorRoot Mean Square Velocity of Ideal Gas MoleculesSample Standard DeviationScientific NotationSignificant FiguresSimplest Formula from Percent CompositionSolubility from Solubility ProductSolubility Product from SolubilityTemperature ConversionsTemperature Conversions—Kelvin to Celsius FahrenheitTemperature Conversions—Celsius to FahrenheitTemperature Conversions—Celsius to KelvinTemperature Conversions—Kelvin to CelsiusTemperature Conversions—Fahrenheit to CelsiusTemperature Conversions—Fahrenheit to KelvinTemperature That Fahrenheit Equals CelsiusTheoretical YieldTheoretical Yield #2Titration ConcentrationUncertaintyUnit Cancelling—English to Met ricUnit Cancelling—Metric to MetricUnit ConversionsUnit Conversion—What Is The Speed Of Light In Miles Per Hour?Vector Scalar ProductVolume Conversions—Cubic Centimeters to LitersVolume Conversions—Cubic Feet to Cubic InchesVolume Conversions—Cubic Feet to LitersVolume Conversions—Cubic Inches to Cubic CentimetersVolume Conversions—Cubic Inches to Cubic FeetVolume Conversions—Cubic Meters to Cubic FeetVolume Conversions—Cubic Meters to LitersVolume Conversions—Gallons to LitersVolume Conversions—Cubic Inches to LitersVolume Conversions—Fluid Ounces to MillilitersVolume Conversions—Liters to MillilitersVolume Conversions—Microliters to MillilitersVolume Conversions—Milliliters to LitersVolume PercentWavelength to Frequency Conversion Chemistry Worksheets (Pdf to Download or Print) Metric to English Conversions WorksheetMetric to English Conversions AnswersMetric to Metric Conversions WorksheetMetric to Metric Conversions AnswersTemperature Conversions WorksheetTemperature Conversions AnswersTemperature Conversions Worksheet #2Temperature Conversions Answers #2Moles to Grams Conversions WorksheetMoles to Grams Conversions AnswersFormula or Molar Mass WorksheetFormula or Molar Mass Worksheet AnswersPracticing Balancing Chemical Equations—WorksheetBalancing Chemical Equations—AnswersPracticing Balancing Chemical Equations—Worksheet #2Balancing Chemical Equations—Answers #2Practicing Balancing Chemical Equations—Worksheet #3Balancing Chemical Equations—Answers #3Common Acid Names Formulas—WorksheetAcid Names and Formulas—AnswersPractice Calculations with Moles—WorksheetMole Calculations—AnswersPractice Mole Relations in Balanced Equations—WorksheetMole Relations in Balanced Equationsâ₠¬â€AnswersGas LawsGas Laws AnswersGas Laws Answers—Shown WorkLimiting Reagent—WorksheetLimiting Reagent—AnswersCalculating Molarity—WorksheetCalculating Molarity—AnswersAcid Base pH—WorksheetAcid Base pH—AnswersElectron Configurations—WorksheetElectron Configurations—AnswersBalancing Redox Reactions—WorksheetBalancing Redox Reactions—Answers

White Over Black American Attitudes Toward Negro 1550-1812

Evaluation of sources White over Black: American attitudes toward Negro 1550-1812 is a book written by Winthrop D. Jordan, who was a historian in the subject of the history of slavery in the Americas. The purpose of this book is to offer his perspective on how Africans were treated in the Americas from 1550 to 1812. The content of this book is the history of how Africans were treated in the Americas between 1550 and 1812. The author offered his perspective on how Africans were treated in each historical period, which included the colonial period. The value of this book is that the book gives various evidence of how Africans were treated in the colonial period in Virginia. The book offered evidence from primary sources about how Africans were treated in the colonial period, which proved to be valuable in this essay in disproving the Handlins. The limitation of this book is that this book could only dedicate about 10 pages in the slavery in Virginia. Since it covered so much time period, some details were overlooked. In order to cover for this limitation, one should cross-check with other sources which primarily focus on the colonial slavery in the region of Virginia. The Phases of Conversion: A New Chronology for the Rise of Slavery in Early Virginia by John C. Coombs is a scholarly article published in Williams and Mary quarterly, which is a historical magazine dedicated to publishing studies of slavery in the Americas. The purpose of this document was to offer a newShow MoreRelated Racism Or Slavery Essay953 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferences that are shared, religion, culture, system of living (government and social practice), or in some cases looks. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Initially English contact with Africans did not take place primarily in a context which prejudged the Negro as a slave, at least not as a slave of Englishmen. Rather, Englishmen met Africans merely as another sort of men. Englishmen found the peoples of Africa very different form themselves. â€Å"Negroes† looked different to Englishmen; their religion was un-Christian;Read More Analysis of White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro by Winthrop D. Jordan1194 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro by Winthrop D. Jordan Winthrop D. Jordan author of White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro 1550-1812, expresses two main arguments in explaining why Slavery became an institution. He also focuses attention on the initial discovery of Africans by English. How theories on why Africans had darker complexions and on the peculiarly savage behavior they exhibited. Through out the first two chapters Jordan supports his opinionsRead MoreViews on Slavery by Higginbotham, Jr.,Winthrop D. Jordan, and Edmund S. Morgan1710 Words   |  7 PagesVirginia had already began to think of black people, be it they were free or indentured servants, as inferior to themselves before slavery was institutionalized. The Colonist’s had already begun to strategize legalities in regards on how black people were to be disciplined. Higginbotham has two reasons why Africans were not afforded the same liberties as that of the white indentured servants in Virginia. The first reason he states is that the majority o f white indentured servants came to VirginiaRead MoreWhen Faced With The Debate Between The Relationship Between1326 Words   |  6 Pagesadvanced as the dehumanizing treatment of slaves which led them to be viewed as nothing more than property. The first argument is addressed in the works of authors such as Ira Berlin, Edward S. Morgan, and Peter H. Wood. First when looking at American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia, by E. Morgan, one can see that he argues that racism was a product of chattel slavery. In many instances E. Morgan highlights how the economy shaped slavery, as well as the important role that classRead MoreThe History of African Americans: Slavery Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pageshistory of African-Americans has been a paradox of incredible triumph in the face of tremendous human tragedy. African-American persons were shown much discrimination and were treated as second class citizens in the colonies during the development of the nation. The first set men, women, and children to work in the colonies were indentured servants, meaning they were only required to work for a set amount of years before they received their freedom. Then, in 1619 the first black Africans came toRead M oreAfrican Slavery : Reasons For Rationale2337 Words   |  10 Pagessubsisted since the beginning of recorded human history, with evidence of the institution dating back to antiquity. What was particularly unique about the American Slavery system was that it was a system design to subjugate people based solely on darker skin colour. American slave-owners to justify the specific enslavement Negros used the idea of white â€Å"superiority† and African â€Å"Inferiority† for centuries. Eventually the concept of being a slave and being African were synonymous as the same thing. ThisRead MoreDid Slavery Cause Racism?3614 Words   |  15 Pagesreinforced existing perceptions of blacks racial inferiority. Racism both preexisted and survived slavery. The color of Africans skin intrigued, frightened, and repelled Europeans. Exaggerating the physical and mental differences that allegedly separated blacks from whites, European writers conjectured that blacks had descended from apes or had emerged as the result of a biblical curse on the descendants of Canaan and Ham. With the expansion of the Atlantic slave trade toward the end of the seventeenth

Karl Marx and Max Weber Different Views on Capitialism Free Essays

string(135) " believed that alienation document by Marx little to do with ownership of the mode of production but was a consequence if bureaucracy\." Karl Marx and Max Weber speak about capitalism and social class. They both agree that modern methods of organization have tremendously increased the effectiveness and efficiency of production. However they both have different concept of theories. We will write a custom essay sample on Karl Marx and Max Weber Different Views on Capitialism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Karl Marx speaks about Alienation and Critique of Capitalism . Marx argued that this alienation of human work is precisely the defining feature of capitalism. He regards alienation as product of the evolution of division of labor, private property and the state: When these phenomena reach an advanced stage, as in capitalist society the individual experiences the entire objective world as a conglomerate of alien forces standing over and above them. Marx with Hegelian notion of alienation but developed a materialist concept. For Marx the possibility that one may give up ownership of one’s own labor, one’s capacity to transform the world- is tantamount to being alienation from ones own nature; it is a spiritual loss. Marx noted that alienation can only be overcome by revolutionary abolition of the economic system based on private property. In his â€Å"Preface a Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy†, Marx had expressed this economic dialectic by saying that it was when â€Å" the materials productive forces of society† came into conflict with â€Å" the existing relations of production† that historical upheavals resulted ( Marx, 1976,page 3. ). Marx critique of capitalism is that it still produce inequality, reduces family relationship, destroys small business, enslaves and reduces all human relations to commercial relations. Marx states that, for the bourgeois man, the wife is reduced to a mere instrument of production. Moreover, once the exploitation of laborer by the manufacturer has finished, then he is set upon, says Marx by other segments of the bourgeoisie the landlord, the shopkeeper, the pawn broker in bourgeois society â€Å"capital is independent and has individuality, while the living person is dependent and has no individuality (Marx and Engels, 1952, pages 51, 53, 65-70). Marx critique of capitalism was dialectical. He regarded capitalist society as an unprecedented historical advance from centuries of benighted feudalism. In 1848 Karl Marx wrote the Communist manifesto which was a formal statement of the communist party. The history of all Hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles and we find it everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, manifold graduation of social rank, (Cohen and Fermon, 448). Marx believed that throughout the past the great societies of the world have all experienced class struggles in all their internal conflict. Marx felt that the class struggle that exists in illustrated class distinctions in both ancient histories. Marx explained in ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians and slaves; in middle ages, feudal lords, vassals, guide masters, journeymen and apprentices. (Cohen and Fermon, 448). Marx makes this point to show that if a knight fought a slave then it was a class struggle, the oppressor vs. the oppressed. In the term of social class Marx’s theories postulate that the owners or means of production exploit those who produce goods and services, while the working class becomes alienated consumers. Most of it centered upon what has been described as Marx’s oversimplification of the dialectical approach in which history is described as little more than series of conflict between the owning and working classes. Capitalism is the idea of a company or corporation owning and controlling all means bourgeoisie control the socioeconomic system and has the proletariat work under them, if the proletariat wanted change; it was not possible because of how the system was designed. In order to gain a capitalist society, the bourgeoisie must first take complete control of the situation and become distinguished owners in a society. After they own a big and successful corporation they then have workers in which they train and make their workers believe that in order to survive they must work and brainwashing the workers mind, this is all they will know how to do and will teach their children to do the same, therefore letting the main owners continue to remain the main owners of society. Marx understood this struggle between these two classes, he knew this soon would become unacceptable to workers and they would come to realization of the inequity in their society. Max Weber theory of class is that capitalist and the proletarian meet in a market and come into it in different ways as purchaser of labor power and as seller, as someone able to wait, not compelled to buy or sell merely to survive another day that’s the capitalist and as someone who must sell his services today or starve. Therefore Marx two classes, in Weber view are distinguished essentially by their relation to a market and precisely by their bargaining power. Bargaining power is matter of monopoly or lack of it. Weber then analyses class mainly in terms of â€Å"monopoly†. To Max Weber, writing in the early 1900s, Marx’s view was too simple –he agreed that different classes exist but he thought that â€Å"Status† or â€Å"Social Prestige† was the key factor in deciding which group each one of us belongs to. Where we live, our manner of speech, our schooling, our leisure habits, these and many other factors decide our social class. He thought that the way each person thinks about his/her â€Å"Life Chances†- if we feel that we can become a respected and highly valued member of the society, then this is likely to put us in higher social class than some others. Max Weber his studies of rationalization in the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1985) in which he argued that the redefinition of the connection between work and piety in the Protestantism that shifted human effort towards rational efforts aimed by achieving economic gain. He later works, notably his studies on bureaucracy and on the classifications of authority into three types: legitimate, traditional and charismatic. In these works Weber described what he saw as society’s movement toward rationalizations. Weber believed that alienation document by Marx little to do with ownership of the mode of production but was a consequence if bureaucracy. You read "Karl Marx and Max Weber Different Views on Capitialism" in category "Essay examples" Antony Giddens in his Introduction to the Protestant Ethic in and the Spirit of capitalism (1985) says Weber’s work can be approached on several levels. It can see as a specific historical thesis, claiming a correlation between Calvinism and entrepreneurial attitudes, or a casual analysis of the influence of Puritanism upon capitalist activity. It can also be viewed as an interpretation of the origins of the key components of modern Western society as a whole. It can also be seem finally as part of an attempt to identify divergent courses in the rationalization of culture. Weber’s view was that religion answered man’s need for a coherent account of his situation. He focused on religion ideology, in particular the Protestant Ethic and how it brought about rationalization of conduct in everyday life. His ideas had unanticipated consequences foe economic development. Weber was concerned with â€Å"the influence of those psychological sanctions which originating in religious belief and practice of religion gave direction to practical conduct and held the individual to it† Karl Marx and Max Weber in Social Class Most societies throughout history and the world have developed a notion of social class. It is refers to hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups within society. How these social classes have been determined has been a common topic among social scientist throughout time. Two individuals who have headed this long standing debate are Karl Marx and Max Weber. In this section we will compare and contrast Marx and Weber’s theories on social class; how they determined, their interest and problems that may exist among groups. Marx first sets up his arguments on class by referring to the historical class struggles. â€Å"Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman in a word, oppressor and oppressed (n, d: 474). He believes society has spilt into two classes know as the Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. This is a key point because he defines class by their control over the mode of production. The mode of production refers to the specific organization of economic production in given society. A mode of production includes the means of production o used by society, such as factories, facilities, machines and raw materials. The Bourgeoisie is those in control of the means of production while the Proletariat must sell their labor. This was referred to as the market exchange value and was reflected in wages. The Bourgeoisie in this society tries to extract as much surplus value as to keep them alive and productive. This capitalist mode of production was the basic of class struggle. The worker or Proletariat approaches work as a mean of survival and not personal satisfaction because the products of labor no longer belong to him. â€Å"Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist. Masses of laborers, crowded into the factory, are organized like soldiers. They are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the over looker and above all the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself (Marx: 479). † With the growth of industrialization the specialized skills of individuals are no longer useful all of those who do not own a means of production are forced into the Proletariat class. Competition between these workers allows wages to fluctuate often and working conditions worsen. To better these situations the Proletariat form trade unions to keep up rate ages. He believes humans meet their needs of existence by using labor as a sense of wee being. In this capitalistic system of private ownership the workers are robbed of their self worth and identity. The worker is estranged from the products he creates which will lead to revolution. This idea of revolution is where the objective and subjective interests of class’s interests may be objectively determined. An outsider observer should be able to determine a course of action for someone within that class. In the case of the proletariat it is in their objective interest to revolt. The reason for this is that most of the individuals within this class group want better conditions of life and work. They want better job security, improved wages and inexpensive consumer goods. The only way to achieve this goal would be revolt, forcing things to change. The problem lies within their subjective class interests which are on a more personal level. The members of the working class believe the bourgeoisie is acting in their best interests and to achieve financial well being they just need to continue to work hard, competing with one another. Some positives of Marx argument is the idea of class exploitation. He believes that proletariat should revolt due to the goals of the bourgeoisie. He refers to this struggle as the oppressed and the oppressor. This common historical theme of the oppressed and oppressor is covered thoroughly in his argument and he uses a good economical model to show this struggle. In this case it is the working class versus the owners. This type of societal dynamic can be mapped out in most societies. It can be the parent versus the child, boss versus worker, coach versus player, teacher versus student or any other situation in which one may feel oppressed by another. A Marx idea of class interest is a good basis of social protest and provides the ability to fight exploitation. An obvious negative part of his argument is the simplistic idea of class. He places everyone within two categories and this isn’t so easy. There is an example of the person who runs the factory in which the working class provides labor for. This supervisor can be seen as a member of the working class but does not participate in such manual labor and have such harsh working conditions and is paid more. On the other hand Max Weber had a problem with Marx’s simplistic view if social class distinctions. He believed that more factors went into determining ones social class along with there being more than two classes. Weber states â€Å"The way in which social honor is distributed in a community we may call the social order† (n. d. :181). This social honor is made up classes, status groups and parties. Power may also be derived from prestige or property but do not always run hand in hand. Rich people tend to be more powerful than poor people as well as being held in high regard more often. Property may bring prestige but it an also come from athletic or intellectual ability. Karl Marx and Max Weber in Capitalism Karl Marx and Max Weber, both born in 19th century and after comparing their sayings and way each one was thinking and analyzed the case of capitalism in societies an affair that still remains a main condition nowadays. Sociology stands through the years on what important persons (Weber and Marx) said in the past and most of others’ ideas are builded that o capitalism and industry, which is still relevant and linked somehow to capitalism. As we all may have realized in modern society through experience and facts, routine is something that we get used to it from the early years of our existence and routine is what we actually repeat like a music, either weekly or yearly or it might be even more frequently (e. g. daily). In such a period of time, our programmed is full of work, duties, responsibilities, leisure activities and many other tasks that could give as a living, a living which needs a bit everything in order to survive. During our lives (which are bombed daily from useless information) through the past years decades years, â€Å"we† (on behalf of our ancestors) changed that way we view, the way we face, we acknowledge, we define and accept the reality in the way it is. Having an income just for living is not our main goal but it is just one of those many targets we have, probably for a promise to help our families to help our families but still not the main one. In the past, many decades ago, having your home fully or somewhat with just the appropriate furniture could give you a prestige that meant something for the rest of the people in the whole society. Ti could integrate you in a higher social class and make you more acceptable from an larger scale â€Å"audience†. In the modern society social class changed criteria while now a person who is not working is faced off as an insignificant human being. Unfortunately this happens again even if a person works, but his or her job is not a â€Å"chic† one, like a top manager etc. Life aims to easy entertainment buying things etc, as consumption is the â€Å"central role† of life; and because of that people want to buy and use their available time not only for working but also for having a â€Å"personal ife† which everybody has and deserves, society started working more â€Å"in ordered to be to afford to buy goods, services, ideas etc†. This need of everyone who wants to work (for his or her own personal reasons each one), brought to the industrial society the concern of capitalism. Working environments changed as human and natural collapsed. Capitalism is the new â€Å"fashion† of every single developed modern society. Capitalism is the field of battle of social classes, the reason of which people with economic case, â€Å"rich† people getting richer and poor, poorer. People with money started giving job opportunities to people with less money and want to work, to people who appreciate life and its advantages and want to live it with pride, respectability and honorableness. In that way,† rich† people where (they are still) using the elbow grease of others in order to earn more money and others where taking just a little income to survive with their families. Here, the two important persons mentioned before, two worldwide know sociologists of 19th century come to give their personal perspective on the fact of capitalism. Max Weber believes that capitalism is not a significant problem and do not reprehend it as Karl Marx. Weber believed that capitalist development â€Å"depended on the systematic application of impersonal rules and regulations in the pursuit of people with money, lead them in the inhuman laws of work which wanted people working (in the past and modern society) in sweatshops for a piece of bread and â€Å"mangers† (they) or people owing the machinery and all required things needed, sitting and waiting for their own income against poor people’s elbow grease. In that sense, Karl Marx theory is quite similar with Weber’s. As mentioned before, Karl Marx believed stronger than Weber that capitalism it was a problem with high significance. He believed that when capitalism occurs, social classes are somehow mixed up and a disparity of them appears in society. He faced in part capitalism with emotional way, trying to give to the workers hope and certitude. Exploitation of workers was the biggest effect of capitalism and as capitalism was continuing exploitation would not only follow but being increased. Weber’s thesis was supporting the opinion that while capitalism continues, capitalists would benefit more (earnings) but workers wouldn’t earn ever more than what they need to reach the survival level. These cause workers to loose their personality. Capitalism is cause of this case. It’s the main issue and many sociologists tend to analyze it such persons were Marx and Weber How to cite Karl Marx and Max Weber Different Views on Capitialism, Essay examples

Prohibition DBQ free essay sample

The prohibition movement occurred during the era of progressive reform. The Eighteenth Amendment and its accompanying act, the Volstead Act, brought about the ideas of the prohibitionists. Though there were some negatives setbacks to the prohibition movement, the movement was ultimately a success because of the widening support for the Anti-Saloon League. The prohibition movement received much support from the Anti-Saloon League. Alcohol and saloons were very closely related. The Anti-Saloon League developed a strong distaste to saloons in the United States, causing them to back prohibition. Some believed that the saloon lobby was always found in alliance with every other corrupt and evil influence (Document G). This showed the corrupt correlation between alcohol and legislature. Many believed that saloons should be kept away from industries with hazardous characters and with men who work at night time, and kept away from places where girls or adult women may pass (Document D). We will write a custom essay sample on Prohibition DBQ or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Saloons degraded women by having pictures of life-sized naked women in the saloon (Document A). This mentality continued to be shown away from saloons when men would believe that a woman’s only place is the home (Document P). This showed the negative impacts saloons could have on the rest of society. A majority began to agree with the Anti-Saloon League. The Anti-Saloon League tried to appeal to members of church, as these people were higher supports of the prohibition movement. Every step the country was taking was regarded as an act of Divine intervention (Document L). It was shown that clergymen supported prohibition more than members of any other profession (Document J). These men believed that deliverance would come, but it would come from the sober (Document I). Many people also believed that regardless of their view on prohibition, they should pay tribute to the â€Å"efficiency and courage† of the churches in this fight (Document Q). This just shows the effect and support churches had on the prohibition movement. Thus, it only makes sense that the Anti-Saloon League would appeal to members of church. The Anti-Saloon League also spread facts to add more members. They showed how children with more alcoholic parents had a higher chance of having brain defects (Document B). The Anti-Saloon League helped spread the notion that alcohol was bad for the country in every way (Document S). This helped many people to start to see the problems caused by alcohol. People started to see that alcohol should not be used as a tonic or source of medicine (Document C). People also started to see the negative economic ramifications caused by alcohol. The league also used â€Å"practical politics† to gain information about their voters (Document O). The Anti-Saloon League’s advertising worked. In 1910 37. 8% of prohibitionist leaders resided in places with 100,000 or more occupants (Document K) and in 1917 very few states were still considered â€Å"wet† (Document M). The Anti-Saloon League was successful in spreading its facts to the rest of the country and gaining higher support for the prohibition cause. The prohibition movement did receive minor setbacks; however, the movement was ultimately a success. This was most definitely because of the zeal and determination of the Anti-Saloon League. In the end, the Anti-Saloon League and its followers gave the prohibition movement the push it needed to pass the 18th Amendment.

Visits To The School Office Essays - Education, Educators

Visits to the School Office Situated at the front of the school, and ever-present in the back of every student's mind, is the dark, ominous, Kremlin-like structure known as the attendance office. Every student knows that there are only three reasons for being there: a friendly yet cold visit to clear absences or get information, a teacher sanctioned errand, and, the dreaded one, a disciplinary referral. The first reason for going to the office is perhaps the least involved in procedure: a student comes to the cold, yet courteous staff, states his business, manages to get what he wants if he's polite, then leaves. A visit of this sort normally lasts less than ten minutes, though it can take substantially longer if there are people waiting in line for the same thing, such as a schedule change. This type of visit also falls under the category of a friendly visit, where the student feels confident because he has a reason for being there. The second force that will call a student to the office is a teacher asking him to run an errand. The privilege of avoiding class to run an errand for the teacher is always fought over. This type of office trip usually involves dropping off some scrap of paper to the proper individual or hunting someone down to ask them a question. Sometimes, finding the right person or whatever can become a quite lengthy procedure, taking the student's search all across the campus and eventually concluding at McDonald's or Taco Bell. This type of office visit is by far the most fun. The final, and most dreaded type of office summons is the type that is required for disciplinary actions. This usually takes the form of a summons slip from the office, a visit from a Narc, or a teacher screaming, "Get out!" at the top of his lungs, which is normally followed shortly by a swift messenger carrying a referral slip. In this type of visit, the idea is to totally demoralise the student, making him sit in front of the door of either the dreaded Morrison or the even more dreaded Putnam. During this time the student is supposed to feel remorse for what he did. However, the student usually feels sorry only for not getting away with what he did. After a seemingly endless period of waiting, the student is called into the office of the residing disciplinarian. After a long lecture about how he's destroying his life and a humiliating call to a parent, the student is either sent back to class with a warning or sent home with a suspension notice. This type of office visit is the one that is most feared by students and loved by sadistic teachers. It is also interesting to note that it occurs with far greater frequency that the other types. All that can be said about this type of experience is that it is to be avoided. Throughout his academic career,the typical F.U.H.S. student is likely to experience all of these three classes of friendly and unfriendly office adventures, with the unfriendly type being the most dominant. From examining the three types, it is only obvious that teachers and administrators care little for student comfort and convenience during office visits.

Police Corruption Essay Example

Police Corruption Essay Example Police Corruption Paper Police Corruption Paper Close. D. (2003). Morality in Criminal Justice: An Introduction to Ethics. Wadsworth Group. Belmount Ca. Downloaded from U. f Phoenix rEbook collection on April 9, 2008. Westwood. J. (2001). Police Culture and the Code of Silence. Retrieved August 18, 2008 from opcc. bc. ca/Reports/2001/POLICE%20CULTURE%20AND%20THE%20CODE%20OF%20SILENCE. pdf Kerwin, J. (November 2006). Op-Ed: Why I don’t trust the Police. The Stanford Daily. Retrieved August 18, 2008, from http://daily. stanford. edu/article/2006/11/17/opedWhyIDontTrustThePolice. Singh, A. (Feburary, 2007). Police Corruption. PUCL Bulletin. Retrieved August 18, 2008, from pucl. org/Topics/Police/2007/police-corruption. html http://enwikipedia. rg/wiki/Intimidation esrfkabissa. org/corru/messages/242html Sherman1978p. 31 Dantzker, 1995 p. 157 Captain Williams, Gary, Commanding Officer of LAPD Pacific Division. Interview by Author, Paolo Mauro, May 01, 2000. Robinson, Matthew B. (2005) Justice Blind? Ideals and Realities o f American Criminal Justice 2e, University of Phoenix eBook Library U. S. Department of Justice, â€Å"Police Integrity, Public Service with Honor† Jan 1997; From, NCJRS. org/pdffiles/163811. pdf Law Enforcements Code of Ethics. Retrieved, August 25, 2008, from, culcom. net/~lake/policecodeofethics. html

Advanced Systems Design Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Advanced Systems Design Project - Essay Example The device will have a paralyzed robot that will be in a position to reach a certain point via a lee way that can be determined before the implementation of the system. The device will not be in a position to move, therefore, the device will be limited to the help of the emitting signals. For the device to be pushed in a certain section, the operator will control the rewuest of the machine by emiting the signals from various sections. To carry out the task the operators will be in a position to carry out the perception of the system that will be used in determining the error of the paper. The device will also have the two signal emitters for the carriage which are aimed at attracting the mobile robors and in transmitting the forces required to move the device in various directions. The signal intensity is dependent of the translation and rotation that is needed by the agent to move it in their prospected direction. The automatic device instrument will function by detecting the latitu de and altitudes through various processes. The detection of the energy that will be emitted will be important in coming up with topographical maps. However the device will only be able to detect a specific location that it will cover for the map. The efficiency of the device will vary from one instrument to the other. It is assumed that the device will only be able to see specific sections of the landscape. Therefore, it will be important to extrapolate the right landscape from the one that is tabulated.

Human Sexuality-Response Post to Classmates Essay

Human Sexuality-Response Post to Classmates - Essay Example However, with the passage of time, they learn the importance of these attributes. The writer has changed his stance in the next paragraph saying that individuals seek honesty, loyalty, confidence, and sense of humor in the opposite gender. This is totally different from what the writer said in the first paragraph. May be the writer is talking about the middle adulthood when the value of loyalty, sincerity, and other such attributes overshadow the importance of physical attraction. The writer has also talked about the assumed roles of men and women. About the question of same-sex relationships, the writer has said that same sex partners usually look for love because for such people the value of love is more than any other thing even if that love is with some person of the same sex. Moreover, the writer has given examples of a movie and of is own parents revealing the importance of love in relationships. Summing it up, I would say that the overall approach to the discussion questions was good and the discussion was based on facts. This post has been written in a succinct and simple way. For example, the author has briefly answered the question about characteristics that men and women look for in each other. He has written that desires for the other partner change with the passage of time. I think it is absolutely true because at a young age, preferences for both men and women for the partner form the opposite gender are different than what they are as a person ages. The author has mentioned that men do not seek for looks in the partner. I do not agree with this because young men mostly look for physical beauty. However, the author has correctly mentioned that women look for love when they are young and look for a supportive and fatherly figure when they start getting older and mature. About same sex relationships, the author has said

Strategy Report of Tesco Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategy Report of Tesco Case Study - Essay Example Although Tesco concentrated on the core growth of the company during the 50s and 60s, apart from organic growth, they also grew through acquisitions. They increased their market share at low cost as they concentrated in opening stores in and around London. The organic growth represents the long-term strategy of the company and also its core strength and vitality. The number of stores grew and they acquired cost leadership but cost leadership comes with disadvantages (Porter, 1979). Very low cost may take loyal customers away and it may also start losing revenues, which is what happened to Tesco. It then changed its strategy to increase its market share – price reduction and centralized buying. Thereafter Tesco concentrated on growth based on four factors. While UK was their core market, they also expanded internationally. Apart from market development, they also focused on product development as they became as strong in non-food products as in food. Besides, they also introduced new retailing services. So their strategy was both market and product development. This is how they penetrated into the market and increased their market share. In their overseas expansion, they adopted a localized approach where they took into account the local culture, local suppliers and ways of working. They also recognized that each individual was different and hence adopted the multi-format strategy. They focused on a few markets which helped them gain competitive advantage and then find the direction for growth and development. During the 1990s Tesco concentrated on national market development through product innovation. They attracted and retained customers through different innovative strategies. To retain loyal customers they introduced loyalty cards; to attract a new segment they started online shopping and thereby created differentiation in their service offerings. It was the same market but with the help of technology they could

Courage In Little Women And Treasure Island

Courage In Little Women And Treasure Island Little Women was written in the 19th Century in the time of the American Civil War. Many men were away fighting the war or supporting their cause, so women were often left to await their return and run their lives without the support of their husbands and fathers. Treasure Island was written in Britain nearly 20 years later, at a time when the British Empire was at its zenith and British citizens felt invincible. In both books the children are affected by financial issues and it is this that ultimately brings out the courage in the children. Courage is defined as the quality that makes a person able to meet dangers without fear†¦.Bravery. I do not believe that any of the children faced their lives without fear, but they managed to control it to allow them to cope with their own dangers. In this context we must look at how they meet dangers, deal with consequences of their actions and face adversity. We must also look at how their courage, or lack thereof, affects the outcomes in certain scenarios. Courage can be shown both physically and psychologically, but it is the mind that drives a person to show courage; for instance people who show acts of physical bravery are only able to carry the act out with a strength of mind and in turn a psychological courage. The first book I will look at is that of Little Women. The four March sisters, Jo, Meg, Beth and Amy, are left in the care of their mother Marmee when their father goes off to the American Civil War, after losing the majority of their wealth, Mr March lost his property in trying to help an unfortunate friend. Each of the sisters has a different personality and this is no less apparent in the way in which their individual courage is portrayed in the story. The story is set in a difficult period in American history and the author bases the book on her own childhood. The story touches on the fight for independence amongst women at the time and portrays a story that captures courage, love and adversity. It is also very much written for girls as it appeals to the sort of life girls would have recognised in the mid-nineteenth century. The sisters show solidarity through the adversity and one word that crops up frequently, when the author describes the girls change in lifestyle, is Pilgrim. This is an example of courage; the fact that they are prepared to try to make changes in their personalities in time for their fathers return in one year. They face challenges to rid themselves of their flaws and although this is not always a complete success, they show great resolve and strength of mind not to be beaten. This form of courage may not be as colourful as the more obvious, physical courage that is shown in Treasure Island but it has many qualities and gives the readers a belief that they can improve their own lives. Courage is an inspiring trait and it is what makes great leaders; it is the reason that the readers can become engrossed in and involved with the main characters of both the books we are looking at. Courage for the girls is of enduring, of patience and conquering their fears for their father and overcoming their own personality defects. Fetterley suggests that the girls take on this model of womanhood not from choice or out of virtue, but from necessity. This is certainly true of Jo, who longs to break the mould and become a writer, but she knows it is her fathers wish that his little women will do their duty faithfully, fight their bosom enemies bravely and conquer themselves beautifully. She remains true to herself, although her task is to control her temper and try to overcome her dislike of housework. She gets into dreadful scrapes, but has a wonderful enthusiasm for life, which is viewed by the others in varying degrees of disapproval or wistfulness. Alcott gives Jo a steadfast friend and admirer in the shy and retiring Beth. All their striving to improve is worthwhile when Beth gets better and their father returns safely to them. Meg finds love and a future husband, Beth has her health and her father and Jo and Amy are satisfied with their lot. Jo has Laurie, which the reader hopes will blossom successfully in another book. At the last it is Jo who we feel has the courage to step out of the system Jo lounged in her favourite low seat , with the grave, quiet look which best became her. She offers us the most promise for the future, she has the most courage. It is courageous to live in society as a poor relation, to follow their mothers strong moral code in the style of John Bunyons Pilgrims Progress. It is not exciting courage, where the enemy is an evil person, but it is the mundane courage to improve and strive to be good. Marmee allows the girls to make their own mistakes. When they are given 3 months vacation, they ask if they can take their break following their own desires. Marmee agrees to this, but wisely says You may try your experiment for a week and see if you like it. I think by Saturday night you will find that all play and no work is as bad as all work and no play. Of course Marmee is quite right and the girls realise what a peculiar and uncomfortable state of things was produced by the resting and revelling process. The narrative utilised in each of the books is also a determinant of how the various areas of courage are shown and paint different pictures from the simplistic view of what courage is. In Treasure Island Jims narrative of his heroic acts is valuable because he records them modestly, giving us an insider view of heroism that is not very glamorous. Jim is not arrogant, but instead is humbled by his mistakes and successes. He takes full responsibility for his errors rather than finding excuses for them, and he confesses to moments of panic, indecision, and regret rather than bragging exclusively of his successes. Jims remarkable honesty and sincerity often make the heroic or noble claims of the grown-ups, pirates and honourable citizens alike, seem like empty bluster. Jims inclusion of both his follies and his fortunes make his narrative seem more genuine and the adventure more real. If we look back at what defines courage and in particular at the statement that acts of bravery are wit hout fear, we can see that everyone experiences fear even if their ultimate act is one of courage and heroism, it is how ones mind deals with the fear, that creates the courage, as is depicted in the quote from Treasure Island; My curiosity, in a sense, was stronger than my fear we can understand a little of his personality and how he overcomes his natural instinct to be afraid. Although he is courageous, Jims impetuous individualism reminds us that he is still a youth. His tendency to act on his whims and his growing self-awareness also shows that he is caught between two worlds-between childhood and adulthood, and between the lawful, rational world and the lawless pirate world. Jims story is therefore not merely a fanciful adventure tale but also a narrative about growing up. The fact that it is written in the first person allows the reader to enter the world of Jim Hawkins and allow themselves to become the character, incorporating their personalities and in turn understanding th eir strengths and weaknesses fully. Both books look at the growth of the individuals, in Little Women each of the girls sets out to better herself, by losing her least endearing traits and growing into a finer woman because of this. In Treasure Island Jim starts out life as a scared boy who is frightened easily and runs to his mother when he is. As the story continues after the death of his father, Jim becomes more assertive and courageous. In both stories, it is the courage of their convictions that allows them to mature and become what they desire. They all possess strong will-power and a strong understanding of what is wrong and right. In order that they live their lives in this way they must each possess courage. The role that the courage plays in each of the books is creating a hero and keeping the reader interested. Jims physical bravery and heroic acts were aimed at inspiring the boys of that generation. The book was written in a time when men were expected to be brave and courageous and the story of Jim Hawkins taps into the mind of boys who were going through an unsure stage in their lives. The fact that Stevenson made Jim a timid, frightened boy at the beginning of the book and then took him trough a journey of growth and maturity, shows that he was understanding of how many boys of that age were feeling and was hoping that this would inspire and show them the way to become a man. It is believed that Stevenson based the story about his own feelings as he grew up; his 12 year old son was also a major influence on how Jim should be portrayed. In Little women we see a similar influence that the role of courage has on the reader. The book was aimed at young teenage girls who were growing up in a time of expectation. The expectation that you must marry well, not be outspoken, and be a devoted wife. Little women breaks this mould and shows girls in a different light. Jos courage to be outspoken and wilful showed the reader that life didnt have to mean conforming and Beths bravery through illness would show them that courage through times of adversity is a positive attribute. It gave teenage girls in this time another outlook on life and the courage shown by the little women could be related to their own lives in some way. Both books show various forms of courage in children and the historical element plays a large part in the authors choice of character. War affected countries and traditional values made for hard times for many children of the era. The authors were able to free the children from their normal lives and enter into lives of children they could relate to and if they chose to, emulate. Although Treasure Island is a fantasy tale, it again incorporates realistic virtues and traits, it interests the children of the time and is understood by many boys of the era, who lost their fathers . Although the death of Jims father is not a major part of the story, it is the turning point for Jim as he begins to find his courage and maturity. Books are often written to give children role models and the most successful have characters that they can relate. This is still true of todays writing and character inspiration for many of todays leading childrens novels has come from the realisation that the need for a courageous, brave main character is paramount to encouraging children and young teenagers to read so they can live their own lives through these people and take on their qualities. I believe that the role of courage of the children in both Little Women and Treasure Island is the overriding reason for the success of the books. As has been mentioned above, the historical reasons, the need for children to read about their peers acting in a courageous way and the inspiration that the characters produce for the reader are all reasons for the success of the books. The courage and bravery of the children has been so powerful that it has led to future authors trying to reproduce the characters in their stories. They may be extremely different characters, but if you look at how Pullman created Lyra or Rowling created Harry Potter they all share one trait in particular, courage.

Theories Of Visual Search :: essays research papers

Theories of Visual Search A standard theory of visual search tasks assumes that when a person searches for a target in an array of other items, memory is used in locating the target. The following analysis of three articles shows that there is both strong support for this highly respected theory and evidence that this theory may have some flaws in reasoning. In the article "Features and Objects in Visual Processing," Anne Treisman states that there are two theoretical levels of visual processing. In the first level of visual processing, certain components of visual information are processed instantly and unconsciously. A person does not have to concentrate on individual parts of the scene. This stage of processing is called the preattentive stage. During the preattentive stage, the light received by the visual receptors is translated in to the lines, curves, colors and textures of the objects. Within the brain, there are two distinct visual areas that specialize in different areas of processing. The first area processes lines, curves, color, and texture and other areas deal with movement. After this initial processing occurs, another area of the brain processes the more complex and distinct qualities of a scene. Then, all of the components of the objects in the scene are recombined into whole objects. In order to support the pr eattentive stage of visual processing, Treisman devises that parts of objects that belong to the same object share similar attributes. Attributes such as color, continuity of lines and curves that define the boundaries between objects. She uses an experiment to determine which properties of a visual stimulus make its boundaries stand out from other similar objects. The properties of an object that make it stand out are used by the visual processing system in distinguishing the object from ground. In actuality, boundaries are conspicuous between components that are distinctive in basic properties such as color, brightness and line orientation but not in the way their properties are connected or grouped. In an experiment showing evidence of this principle, subjects are shown a picture in which a region of T’s easily distinguishes itself from an area of slanted T’s but not from a region of backwards L’s that are constructed of the same geons as the T’s. This illustrates that line orientations are important features in the preattentive stage of visual processing and that the specific configurations or conjunctions of lines are not.